Retinopathy

What is Retinopathy
Retinopathy refers to diseases that affect the retina, the collection of light-sensitive cells lining the back half of each eye. The retina contains nerve cells that translate what you see into electrical impulses. These impulses are transmitted to the brain where they are interpreted.

Causes of Retinopathy
The retina contains many blood vessels. Abnormalities in these vessels cause several forms of retinopathy. Retinopathy can cause partial loss of vision or complete blindness. It can develop slowly or occur suddenly. Retinopathy can get better on its own at any time or it can cause permanent damage, depending on what's causing it and how far it has progressed.

Symptoms of Retinopathy

Retinopathy of prematurity — There are no outward physical signs. Only an experienced ophthalmologist examining the eye through a dilated pupil can find signs of this illness.
Diabetic retinopathy — Symptoms may not be noticed until the late stages of the illness and can include:• Blurred vision Sudden loss of vision in one or both eyes , Black spots , Flashing lights, Difficulty reading or seeing detailed work .
Hypertensive retinopathy — There are often no symptoms, though some people complain of blurred vision.
Central serous retinopathy — Symptoms include:

Blurred or dim vision, sometimes coming on suddenly, Blind spots , Distorted shapes , Reduced visual sharpness .

Diagnosis of Retinopathy
Retinopathy of prematurity — An ophthalmologist examines the inside of the eye, including the retina and its blood vessels, as well as the optic disc, macula and retinal blood vessels for abnormalities.

Diabetic retinopathy — An ophthalmologist examines the retina and inside of the eye with an instrument called an ophthalmoscope. A dye may be injected into a vein in the arm. The dye then travels to the retina, where it can reveal leaky blood vessels.

Hypertensive retinopathy — A physician examines the eye with an ophthalmoscope and looks for tiny areas of the retina that look pale or white compared to the rest because these areas are not getting enough blood. The doctor also may see areas of bleeding from ruptured blood vessels. Occasionally, the retina may show areas of swelling, particularly at the area that controls fine vision (macula), or swelling of the optic nerve.

Central serous retinopathy — A doctor or ophthalmologist uses an ophthalmoscope to detect clear fluid that has seeped between one layer of the retina and another. Fluid between these layers can resemble bubbles on the retina, visible with an ophthalmoscope.

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