Rabies

Introduction
Rabies is a fatal viral disease that causes brain inflammation. The treatment of a person infected with rabies is critical and if left untreated results in a painful death. It is transmitted to humans through the bite on an infected animal or even by the contamination of an open cut. There are many animals that could be infected with this virus such as bats, raccoons, foxes, skunks, dogs or cats, thus being a great risk to human beings. It is said that about 70% of the rabies cases are due to the bite of some wild animal. Rabies is a viral brain disease and is transmitted to humans by bites, or possibly by contamination of an open cut. Treatment of an infected person is critical. Untreated, rabies causes a painful death. Rabies is also called Hydrophobia because it develops a painful muscle spasm in the throat that prevents the patient from swallowing anything, which ultimately leads the patient to die of de-hydration.

Alternative Names
Hondsdolheid, Hydrophobia.

Causes
The major cause of the Rabies is the Rabies virus, in addition to some other rabies-like viruses. Upon entering the body this virus goes into the peripheral nerves from where it moves into the brain. Once in the brain it multiplies itself causing brain dysfunction and ultimately death. This disease spreads among animals and in some cases is even transferred to humans. Human to human transfer is possible but so far no case of such a kind has been reported.

Risk Factors

Anyone bitten by a rabid wild animal is at the risk of catching this virus.
Anyone working in the high-risk occupation such as animal-welfare organizations, veterinarian or game-ranger.

Symptoms & Signs

Bite by an animal, bug or others especially a rabid animal.
Pain.
Excitability.
Restlessness.
Low fever.
Sensitive skin.
Convulsions.
Numbness.
Tingling.
Anxiety and stress.
Muscle spasm.
Swallowing difficulty especially with liquids.
Drooling.
Loss of muscle function.

Diagnosis
Whenever you are bitten, the first information your doctor would like to gather from you would be about the kind of the animal and under what circumstances the animal had bit you. If the animal is healthy and his vaccination against rabies is proved you would probably need no treatment, except the cleansing of the wound. However if the health of the animal is uncertain your doctor will at once give you the shots to prevent rabies.

Prevention
Following are the methods used for the prevention of Rabies:

You should stay away from wild animals.
You yourself and should always insist upon the neighbors to follow the leash law.
You should get your dogs vaccinated for Rabies every 2 years. If you are in a high-risk occupation, get yourself vaccinated for Rabies.
Before visiting the country where Rabies is common among animals, develop immunity against the virus.

Treatment
Once a person has acquired Rabies there usually is found to be no cure for that. This is the stage when the immune globulin, vaccination and anti-viral drugs are simply good for nothing. A life support system could be used to keep the person alive but hardly anyone has ever survived from this disease. The best way to care the patient is to keep him/her as comfortable as one could. High doses of painkillers, sedatives and anti-convulsant drugs could relieve the patient of the pain in the last days of the patient.

Dietary Guidelines
The patient of Rabies is usually hospitalized and given nothing but intravenous nutrition.

Home Care Suggestions
The best way to avoid Rabies is to discourage wild life, for this all of us should:

Eliminate all the sites around our living place that could help the animals to make their shelter and to raise their young ones.
Bock all the ways of entry in covered spaces like foundation, porches basement etc where the animals could find shelter.
Trim all the long branches of the trees that extend over to your roof.
Keep the out doors well lit to discourage nocturnal animals.
Ask your neighbors and friends to do the same.
Plug all the holes on the roof and around the building.

In case you have bee bitten by an animal that could be expected to be a rabid then,

Incase of a wild animal ask the animal control officer to sacrifice the animal in order to prevent further accidents.
In case the animal is a domestic one, such as dog or a cat, obtain all the information regarding the animal for the use of the doctor in the diagnoses and treatment.

Mind/Body Considerations
Rabies is a deadly disease so this period could be very stressful. The best consideration is mental peace and positive attitude in addition to complete rest, which could lead the patient towards recovery.

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